Effects of Technology on Modern day Architecture and Design

Effectss of Technology on Modern twenty-four hours Architecture and Design Architecture has revolutionized and changed in the 21st century compared to the 19 century due to engineering. Even though many factors have played major functions in the changing of architecture, engineering has played the most of import function for architectural alteration. Architecture and engineering will be two footings that will be used throughout this paper. Harmonizing to the Webster lexicon, architecture is defined as the art or scientific discipline of planing and making edifices while engineering is the application of scientific cognition for practical intents, particularly in industry. Technology nowadays plays an of import function in our societies since most edifices particularly condos and houses are manner different compared to the 1s that were built in the 19 century. Today’s buildings/condos in our societies are now built largely through the usage of digital visual image engineerings that are intentionally planned to make certain sorts of feeling and atmosph ere in our society. Technology and architecture goes manus in manus as both footings benefit from each other due to the fact that engineering has helped designers in pulling their designs more efficaciously and expeditiously alternatively of utilizing their custodies. This essay will take to analyse how modern engineerings are runing as a cardinal portion of architecture and design, whether engineering is holding a positive or negative impact on architecture and architectural work methods. There will besides be a treatment on Computer-aided design ( CAD ) . In associating it to the class, this paper will largely touch on hyper alteration since its evident that engineering is so altering how persons perceive and understand objects and constructions. The most of import technology/software that this essay will look at is the Computer-aided design ( CAD ) and Geographic Information System ( GIS ) and how both have affected architecture and design. At the minute, engineering has wholly r evolutionized our metropolis we live in and our manner of life. Walking about downtown Toronto and seeing edifices such as the OCAD edifice and the Royal Ontario museum indicates how far edifices have alteration due to engineering. Looking at how far engineering has brought architecture, it’s safe to state that engineering will open new universes by helping in the devising of new stuffs to build edifices. Notes on modern architecture by Antoine Picon shows that architecture has been closely related to engineering since the 19 century and argues that modernism’s inclination towards architecture has made it possible to promote the life scenes of the multitudes. Scholars such as Banham have argued that engineering surely has shaped architecture throughout history. Examples such as the creative activity of the Flying Buttress in Europe allowed Master Builders to reconstruct the tremendous walls of Romanesque churches, the Etruscan anchor arch allowed the Roman Empire to do tough and strong Bridgess. The most outstanding illustration is the development of skyscrapers which was made possible by the innovation of mass produced steel and safety lifts. In the universe, the tallest skyscraper is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai while in Toronto, the highest skyscraper is the CN Tower but the tallest inhabitable is the First Canadian Place. Banham looks at how engineering should be considered as an indispensable portion of architecture but does non truly discourse the effects and impacts engineering is holding on modern twenty-four hours architecture. This essay will undertake this issue and spread out on the thoughts Banham out frontward in his book and other scholarly plants by different writers. This research paper will hold an debut where major nomenclatures that will be used throughout the paper will be defined. The debut will besides hold the thesis and the statements back uping the thesis. The following subdivision of this paper will entirely discourse Computer-aided design ( CAD ) , the types of CAD and the parts that this package has made to architecture and design. The following subdivision will look at will be the advantages and disadvantages of engineering on architecture. Research shows that so engineering has had a positive consequence on architecture so these advantages will be explored farther. Last, this paper will look at what engineering can make for architecture in the hereafter. In decision, this paper will sum up all the statements and points set together and sentiments of bookmans will besides be touched upon. Annotated Bibliography Banham, R. ( 1984 ) .The architecture of the well-tempered environment( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . London: Architectural Press. In this book, the writer points out that engineering, human demands, and environmental concerns are all interrelated and all of them play a critical portion in the development of architecture. He argues that technological and mechanical promotions in simple countries such as airing, warming and other 20Thursdaycentury designs needs more attending since architecture is non merely about designs and edifices but besides the mechanical systems that makes them work.. Crouch, D. P. ( 1985 ) .History of architecture: Stonehenge to skyscrapers. New York: McGraw-Hill. In this book, Crouch tackles architecture from a historic point of position from the Stonehenge in England to the skyscrapers which are seen around the universe largely in developed states. Crouch negotiations about fundamentally how far architecture has come as she explores architecture in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. Crouch argues that architecture is now developing into a science-based due to the patterned advance of engineering. Donald, Watson ( 1984 ) .Architecture, Technology, and Environment.Journal of Architectural EducationVol. 51, No. 2 ( Nov. , 1997 ) , pp. 119-126 Published by: Taylor & A ; Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, Inc.Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/stable/1425452 In this diary, Donald argues that a little figure of architectural pedagogues dismiss the fact that engineering is portion of architecture and he insists that both architecture and engineering are dependent on each other. Donald besides argues that engineering puts greater accent and higher outlooks on architecture due to the fact that engineering in architecture is non merely approximately merely the beautiful constructions and edifices we see but it is about the cognition and information the society as a whole addition in the devising of these constructions. Encarnacao, J. L. , Lindner, R. , & A ; Schlechtendahl, E. G. ( . G. ( 1990 ) .Computer aided design: Fundamentalss and system architectures( 2nd ed. ) . Berlin ; New York: Springer-Verlag. This book explains the computing machine aided design package in peculiarly how it works, its rules, ways and how it has helped in the development and revolution of architecture. Encarnacao and his co-authors identifies the chief constituents of CAD and they concluded by demoing the stairss involve in doing this machine Heynen, Hilde. ( 1999 ) .Architecture and modernness: A review. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. This writer suggests a singular lineation of probe that explains the history of modern motion ‘s and trouble it has faced. Hilde tries to link modern motion and cultural theory of modernness. Hilde argues that architecture and modernness relies comparatively greatly on the sort of modernness being created. Hilde asks the inquiry â€Å"what dealingss exist or ought to be between architecture and modernness? † .So with this asked, she explores how architecture and modernness is connected. Karl D. Stephan. ( 2005 ) .Masterworks of Technology: The Story of Creative Engineering, Architecture, and Design.Technology and Culture, Volume 46, Number 3 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //muse.jhu.edu/journals/tech/summary/v046/46.3stephan.html Harmonizing to this diary reappraisal by Karl, engineering has ever been portion of human society. The writer negotiations about technological creativity and vision throughout the old ages. Karl argues that scientific discipline and technology has come together and its forcing architecture to a new and different degree ne'er imagined before from the pyramids of Egypt to now skyscrapers seen around the universe. Karl negotiations about the model involve in skyscraper developments particularly that of the Chicago’s Sears Tower as he builds on the thoughts of F. R. Khan’s influence of import on skyscraper design. Le Corbusier. ( 1952 ) .Towards a new architecture. London: The Architectural Press. In this book, Le Corbusier book negotiations about architecture and the society as he wrote about new promotions that we see today in our communities today. He parallels the velocity of which architecture is turning with that of the promotion in the society. Le Corbusier besides addresses five rules of modern architecture, mass production and industrialisation. Rivard, H. ( 2000 ) .A Survey On The Impact Of Information Technology On The Canadian Architecture, Engineering And Construction Industry.Journal of Information Technology in Construction( ITcon ) , v.5, p.37 In this study, researches purpose in finding the impact of engineering on architecture, building and technology. This study proved that all designers now have entree to computing machine and merely one per centum of the designers that answered the questionnaire survey indicated that they do non utilize computing machines to assist them with their work. The study proved that genuinely most when it comes to the drawing of design most designers use CAD. This study showed engineering is an indispensable portion of architecture, building and technology field now and about every person that works in these Fieldss rely on them to assist him/her work expeditiously. Stephenson, S. ( 2007 ) .The integrating of engineering into a landscape architecture alumnus plan: A instance survey.( Order No. NR39441, University of Toronto ( Canada ) ) .ProQuest Dissertations and Thesiss, 232. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/docview/304757618? accountid=15182 This is a instance survey show the ways in which engineering is lending to the landscape of architecture and the hard procedure involved in it. The survey largely touches on design procedure and studio civilization while it looks at how engineering has affected this country either in a positive, impersonal or negative manner. Throughout this paper, it’s clear that engineering has change landscape architecture particularly when it comes to how stuffs are produced and how interior decorators all over the universe are able to reach each other in a affair of seconds due to engineering. Saeideh Feizi Azarshahr, Alireza Motamadniya, Mostafa Basiri ( 2013 ) .New Technologies in Modern Architecture and its Interaction with Traditional Architecture.Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental SciencesVol 1 Issue 3: 70-80 In this article, Azarshahr et Al argues that the usage of engineering consequences in the constitution of flawless and perfect edifices and engineering has ever been a portion of architecture as Azarshahr et al describes two types of engineering: traditional engineering and modern engineering. Harmonizing to these writers, traditional engineering has non been documented as much compared to modern engineering and this modern engineering has led to the cybernation and industrialisation of architecture. REFRENCES Banham, R. ( 1984 ) .The architecture of the well-tempered environment( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . London: Architectural Press. Crouch, D. P. ( 1985 ) .History of architecture: Stonehenge to skyscrapers. New York: McGraw-Hill. Donald, Watson ( 1984 ) .Architecture, Technology, and Environment.Journal of Architectural EducationVol. 51, No. 2 ( Nov. , 1997 ) , pp. 119-126 Published by: Taylor & A ; Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, Inc.Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/stable/1425452 Encarnacao, J. L. , Lindner, R. , & A ; Schlechtendahl, E. G. ( . G. ( 1990 ) .Computer aided design: Fundamentalss and system architectures( 2nd ed. ) . Berlin ; New York: Springer-Verlag. Heynen, Hilde. ( 1999 ) .Architecture and modernness: A review. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. Karl D. Stephan. ( 2005 ) .Masterworks of Technology: The Story of Creative Engineering, Architecture, and Design.Technology and Culture, Volume 46, Number 3 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //muse.jhu.edu/journals/tech/summary/v046/46.3stephan.html Le Corbusier. ( 1952 ) .Towards a new architecture. London: The Architectural Press. Rivard, H. ( 2000 ) .A Survey On The Impact Of Information Technology On The Canadian Architecture, Engineering And Construction Industry.Journal of Information Technology in Construction( ITcon ) , v.5, p.37 Stephenson, S. ( 2007 ) .The integrating of engineering into a landscape architecture alumnus plan: A instance survey.( Order No. NR39441, University of Toronto ( Canada ) ) .ProQuest Dissertations and Thesiss, 232. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/docview/304757618? accountid=15182 Saeideh Feizi Azarshahr, Alireza Motamadniya, Mostafa Basiri ( 2013 ) .New Technologies in Modern Architecture and its Interaction with Traditional Architecture.Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental SciencesVol 1 Issue 3: 70-80

Descriptive: T-bone Steak and Pan

Juan Olivarez English 1301PW1 Descriptive Essay Stepping through the door, that familiar smell creeps through my mind and I can't refrain from grinning from ear to ear. As I take my next step, my heart pounds and my head goes numb with a sense of bliss and satisfaction I will soon be experiencing. Placing the bags down slowly, I can't help but feel them slipping from my grasp as my palms sweat from the anxiety from the moment that is no more than just an hr away. The trill and excitement I get from seeing my girlfriend cook is something that is erotic, even though the act itself is so innocent. Taking the items out of the bag, slowly I make sure one last time that the list she gave me is complete and all items are checked off. With the excitement of a young child asking for a delicious piece of candy, I call out her name. Walking in the room with a smile that lights up the room, like a flare lighting up a dark place and making an eerie setting feel like home, she looks at me and sighs to me letting me know the theatrics are about to start. She starts off by slowly, yet sensually slipping the apron over her head and tightly fastening the belt around her curvy and luscious hips. Pulling a hair clip off from her sleeve, she throws her head forward and grasps her hair with a stiff yet subtitle movement and then proceeds to lift her head as she clinches the clip in her soft and beautiful brown hair. One by one she places the items on the counter with a look of urgency to fill my pallet with the delicious food she prepares with her own two hands. She finally takes out a thick and hardy T-bone steak, as pink as a rose on a beautiful spring day, an onion as yellow as bright as the sun. Finally the long and healthy asparagus comes out waiting to feel the heat of the pan and sting of the oil it will saute in. Bending down she pulls out a pan and firmly grasps the handle like a soldier going into battle with her weapon of choice. Click, Click, Click goes the stove as she lights the flames that will create the tempting meal she will prepare. Placing the pan on the stove, she pulls the oil from the shelf and starts to slowly drizzle the oil on the pan like an artist preparing her canvas for a wonderful masterpiece. Looking back at me she asks me in a gentle voice asking how I’d like it cook. Medium Well I replied. Letting the pan and oil heat up, she snatches an onion from the counter and tosses it up and catches it behind her back as if trying to mimic a jester at a circus. Her playfulness is exuberating and like an Asian master chef she stabs the onion in its core and continues to slice it with the ease of cutting through a soft piece of butter. Testing the oil she tosses a piece of onion in the pan with the care of a person tossing a young child a ball. Crackle, crackle, crackle the onion goes as it sizzles in the oil. Tossing the rest of the onions in pan, the smell becomes intoxicating and the taste of the onions caramelizing like sugar can already be sensed on the tip of my tongue. A minute later she gathers the asparagus, counting slowly making sure as not to get to many or too little to throw into the pan. With a spatula firmly grasped in one hand and 12 pieces of asparagus in the other, she shovels the onions to one side and lays the asparagus one by one letting them slit off her pinky in order to keep from blistering her soft hand with oil. Within minutes the mixture of both smells starts playing tricks on my mind by making me feel like I’m in a five star restaurant. Flinging a plate from one hand to another, she grabs the pan and slowly leans it onto the plate while the onions and asparagus slide down like jello slithering off your spoon. Yummy is in my tummy with what's coming up next. At last, it's time for the main course to take the stage. Using the same pan and oil that is saturated with essence of onions, she turns up the flames that will gently blister the first side of my steak. As the oil starts to crackle, she holds the steak with both hands and throws it in with no regard to her own well being. Sizzle, sizzle, sizzle is all I need to hear before my senses start to overwhelm my body and cause me to feel a sense of fainting. The smell is memorizing, sweetness from the onions and the fat from the steak give it an aroma that can't be described. Bliss is just a short time away. Five minutes pass and she uses the spatula to lift the steak from its boiling brew of oil, onion and grease. Holding the steak up in the air as the grease slowly drips down, she waits to let the pan heat up once again in order to see the other side of the steak. Splat is the next sound I hear as she drops the steak on the uncooked side. Once again, the sizzling sound is so tempting that licking my lips is the only way for me to handle my temptations. I walk up to the stove with the curiosity of a young child, I look in to the pan and see a gorgeous steak popping and bathing in its own grease. As I peer in the pan, I see a brown pinkish colored steak with hints of black in the pan is a moment I would never get tired of. I close my eyes and let the smell engorge my nose and allow it to hinder any other sense in my body. Click is the next sound I hear followed by the sound of her voice saying â€Å"it's done†. Sitting on the table I see a plate with a huge tempting steak that is engulfed with brown caramelized onion and a side of lanky strips of asparagus. My weapons of choice are my trusty silver knife and fork, which sit harmlessly to my left. A glass of wine as red as blood sits to my right, as my napkin lays on my lap with no sense of purpose in my mind. A single candle stares me in the eye, blinding me from the beauty that sits across me in her long black dress. Hair hanging down like vines from a tree she glances at me and asks me to close my eyes and give thanks for the things we have. Closing my eyes I slowly nod my head and begin to silently give grace for the things in my life. The moment is calm, silent and eerie as I conclude my thoughts and cautiously raise my head. My eyes hesitate to open as if them not wanting to realize the moment I’m in. Opening my eyes there is rush to my head as I sit there in silence and a cold feeling on my face. The lights are on and the room is empty. Nothing sits on the table as I imagined, no one sitting across from me nor was there an aroma in the air from the delicious meal I had already tasted in my mind. A grin sits on my face from ear to ear as I realize my mind wondered from the paper I was supposed to be writing. No girl, no food, no problem. This moment hasn’t' happened yet but I sit here confident that one day it will, when she steps into that door!

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper Essay

When nursing began in the Florence Nightingale days, nurses learned their nursing practices from theories. There were two theorist names Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson that had their own perspective on nursing practices. This paper will discuss compare and analyze the concepts based of each of these ladies theories to show how they are related. These two ladies developed their own ideas on how nursing should be practiced. Henderson In 1955 Virginia Henderson wrote the 14 components of basic nursing care, this is known as the human need theory. The theory identified areas that the patient may lack in taking care of their selves when sick, and these are the 14 components of basic nursing care. The 14 components are: breathing good, good oral intake/good nutrition, normal functioning of bowel/bladder, sleep/rest, dressing/undressing, keeping normal body temperature, cleanness of patient promote good skin integrity, keep away from injuries/dangers, good communication of fears/emotions, meeting spiritual needs, working, playing/participating in games or recreations, and learning. The development of theory helped nurses know how to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate their patients (George, 2011). Orem Dorothea Orem wrote a theory called the self-care deficit theory, and this theory consist of three theories the self-care, self-care deficit, and the theory of nursing systems. In this theory she explain how person can take care of their selves, when a person needs help caring for their selves, and last is when person needs medical attention. The first theory is self-care, and this is when a person is able to maintain their well-being and health. This theory can differentiate depending on what stage of life your end such  as your age, developmental state, or where you live. Within the self-care theory is three self-care requisites. The requisites are universal self-care requisites, developmental self-care requisites, and health deviation self-care. Example universal of self-care requisites is common activities of daily living (ADL’s). Example of developmental self-care requisites is adjusting to new job or change with your body. The last example is of health deviation self-care, and this is when person able to take care of medical problem. The second theory is self-care deficit when person self-care demand out weights their self-care abilities, and nursing is needed. Orem list five ways of helping that nurses can use. The five ways are doing for others, guiding, meet their physical/emotional needs, providing supportive environment to assist person development, and teaching another. The last theory is the theory of nursing system. This theory is when the nurse provides care because the patient is unable to care for their self. Orem discusses three different types of nursing systems that will meet patient self-care requisite. The first system is wholly compensatory nursing system, and this system is when patient depends fully on the nurse to care for them. Example of this system is a patient who had a major stroke. The second system is the partly compensatory nursing system, and this system when patient can take care of some of their needs but still needs nursing care. Example of this system is patient who has pneumonia and can still feed their selves, but depends on nursing to provide IV antibiotic treatment. The last is the supportive-educative nursing system, and this is when patient is capable taking care of doing self-care, but needs support/education on medical conditions. Example of this when home health goes out to teach patient how to do wound care on their wound so they do not have to depend on nursing (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory†, 2012). Comparing the Concepts These theorist Orem and Henderson have a common concept on how a nurse should practice nursing. Theses theorist have established in their theories the role of nursing. They have differ approaches when it comes to the how nurses should practice their care. Henderson theory identifies 14 component of human needs that patient may not take care of when they are sick. Henderson theory is for nursing to assess the 14 component as a whole, andintervene   in the areas needed. In comparison Orem’s theory of self-care deficit identifies when patient lacks self-care abilities to take care of their self then it is responsibility of the nurse to meet the patients self-care demand. These two theorist differ in the aspect that Henderson focuses more on taking care of the patient in a more acute setting. Orem has more of a focus in her theory of nursing system on educating the patient on their health conditions or self-deficit so they can take care of their self (George, 2011). Orem’s Self-care Theory Implication on Nursing Practice Orem general theory is â€Å"Nursing has its special concern mans need for self-care and the provision and the maintenance of it on continuous basis in order to sustain life and health, recover from disease and injury, and cope with their effects, â€Å"(George, 2011). Nurse’s everyday are practicing the self-care theory of Orem in a variety of health care settings. When a nurse gets a new patient the first they do is identify their self-care deficits and self-care abilities. This allows nurses to focus on the patient’s self-care deficit, and start taking care of the patient needs. When the nurse identifies the self-care deficit then that allows them to start assessing the situation, create care plan for the patient, and start treating/teaching on the self-care deficits. Example is when a new patient is admitted to the hospital the nurse assesses the patient’s problem, starts taking care of the problem, identifies where teaching is needed, and creates care plan so patient will get better (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory†, 2012). Metaparadigm Orem’s metaparadigm consist of four factors: Human being, health, nursing, and environment. The factor is human she describes human as self-care, and self-care is practice of our activities of daily living that promotes life and well-being. The second factor is health, Orem describes health as being whole and sound physical, mentally, and socially for the person well-being. The third factor is nursing, she describes nursing as a needed service to meet the self-care of humans. The last factor is environment, and she describe the environment as anything around the human that can hinder their ability to perform their self-care († Dorothea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm†, n.d.). Philosophy According to â€Å"Dorothea Elizabeth and her philosophy on self-care† (n.d.), â€Å"are patients wish to care for themselves.† Basically what Orem is saying if the nurse lets the patient take care of themselves to best of the their ability they will get over their sickness quicker. This relates to nursing today because the more we enable patients to learn and take care their health condition they will function more independently. Example of Orem philosophy in nursing is when patient is home health, and the nurse is simply there to teach them about congestive heart failure, and how to take care the disease we are enabling the patient to take care to themselves. Conceptual Model Orem’s conceptual model is related to her theory of self-care. The model defines her three theories of self-care, self-care deficit, and theory of nursing system. When the person self-care demand exceed their self-care abilities, then nursing is needed. Nurses can help patients meet their self-care needs by using the conceptual model. The conceptual model identifies how nurses can assist the patient under self-care deficit by using the 5 areas identified earlier in this paper. Under the theory of nursing the nurse should identify the patient learning needs, and address them so the patient is meeting his/her self-care needs in the end, and is healthy (â€Å"Orem’S Self-Care Model†, n.d.). Conclusion Orem and Henderson agenda for their theories is to establish nursing practice guidelines for nurses. They two theorist help define the role of nursing, and the profession. In the nursing world nurses practice these two theories in their everyday practices. Nurses have learned how to identify problems of patient when they arrive, and how to address them so they can get on the road to recovery. Nurses also learned how to identify a self-care deficit in patients so it can be addressed, then the nurse educates patient on self-care deficit where they can care for themselves. These two theories basically sum down to assessing, implementing, care planning, and educating the patients. References Dorthea Elizabeth and her Philosophy on self-care. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://n207grpfsuccessorsoforem.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory. (2012). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html Dorthea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://oremstheory.webs.com/definedconcepts.htm George, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Nursing Practice (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix ebook Collection database. Orem’s Self-Care Model. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.snjourney.com/ClinicalInfo/NgTheory/OremNotes.htm

Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information Essay

Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information - Essay Example Knowledge management and information flows within organizations form a critical link to its productivity and performance. However, effective knowledge management practices remain a distinctive challenge for organizations in the form of identifying the key information needs of the organization and developing effective systems for channelising the information flow across departments and business units. How does an organization define the need for knowledge and skills among its employees and what are the measures that it takes to equip the workforce with the desired skills? How can strategic planning in identifying information needs within each department or operational processes in the business and how can this help in meeting the organizational goals and objectives? These are some of the pertinent questions facing organizations and this paper focuses on providing an insight into strategies that can be adopted by an organization to meet its information needs and overall business object ives. The paper analyses the information needs and knowledge management strategies taken by Apple to meet one of its business objectives. On 22 August 2008, Apple launched the I-phone in India. The response they received from consumers was not as expected as hardly any consumers showed up. This was a bit disappointing as compared to the launches in other countries where there were thousands of consumers standing outside the stores to get their I-phones. It was identified that the lack of marketing led to not having enough consumers at the launch date. (Iphone in India, 2011) The graph below shows the Mac market share of Apple: Market share of Apple by geographic divisions (Source: OSXDaily, 2011) By looking at the above graph, we can see that the market share in Asia is 1.61%, out of which about half is China and the rest is India. Considering the population size, it may not seem as low but as compared to other continents, it is considerably low. With

Art and architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art and architecture - Essay Example This feature of art came with the civilization of humans, and it was dominant among the Middle Eastern Cultures, which included Egypt and Assyria. Actually, they were a development of pictorial images where the aspect of three dimensions was captured in the end products. In America, the art was introduced by the Italian sculptors. Below is a relief sculpture of the famous Mohammed and historical law-givers. This bas type figure is found in the Supreme Court building. The building is based in Washington, DC. Corinthian column Corinthian columns represent some of the oldest Greek architecture. It dates back to the fifth century BC. They came into existence through the inventions of Callimachus, who was a sculptor and architect then in Greece. It is named after Corinth, which is a city in Greece. It is amazing that despite this technology having originated in Greece, it is more advanced and widely used in other parts of the world like Rome, Italy and America than it is used in Greece. A dditionally, among all the orders which had been developed by then, it remains to be the most ornate to date. Basically, it is just a column style which depicts classical orders for architecture, and it has its top decorated with very lavish ornaments as seen from the picture below. The tops have a finishing, which makes them look as flowers and acanthus leaves, and the shaft is grooved but not necessarily always. The ornaments flare outwards. This is the Corinthian column found at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC. Similar style is found at the Supreme Court building. The finishing styles may vary. Dome In its simplest form, a dome can be described as an architectural hemisphere which in most cases forms the roofs of buildings. It is hollow inside and mostly has a polygonal base which holds it strong. Dome structures are very strong, and since times immemorial, they have been used to depict efficiency and strength of architectural designs and structures. Many years ago in t he Middle East, domes were common in modest buildings or tombs of eminent persons houses, but the architecture was accentuated by the Roman Architecture Revolution in temple architecture. Domes technology was further advanced by spread of Christianity. The Muslim influence through the conquest of Greek-Roman Syria also adopted the technology in almost all their structures. The name â€Å"dome† credits the shape of the structure, which is a round-vault. Today, this technology still continues, and in America it was influenced by the ideologies of the Renaissance period. The US Capitol build has a dome on its roof, and it is used to signify the strength of democracy, which the US advocates, and efficiency in the building of the structure. Below is the picture of the Dome of the US Capital. Engaged column This is a very expensive architecture technology. Basically, it is a column that is partially attached to the wall. It can be said to be a â€Å"hemisphere column,† but t he projections vary between a third and a quarter of its diameter. This configuration earns its name, â€Å"the engaged column,† from the aspect of it being engaged to the wall. All over the world, the technology has been used most in cella walls. It is very common in the Roman architecture, mainly being used for ornamental purposes in the architecture. Historically, they were observed in the fifth

Cultural Awarenesss for the country of Germany Essay - 1

Cultural Awarenesss for the country of Germany - Essay Example However, practices such as the shaking of hands, mode of dressing, feeding habits and religious practices represent cultural practices. Consequently, these practices are not inborn; thus, they have to be developed based on various influences upon a person’s life. Culture is Social. This represents another characteristic of culture. It implies that culture cannot be isolated or individualized (Levine 6). Thus, culture is a collective and societal affair that involves socializing and interacting with different sets of people and communities. As a result, such interaction may result in the emergence of new cultural practices; thus, reinforcing the fact that culture is learnt and not inherited. Moreover, in regards to the sociological context, culture has to be shared. Hence, the beliefs, values and morals are shared by a group of people. Culture is Transient. This refers to the fact that culture has always been transferred from one generation to another. Accordingly, this can be achieved through various processes. For instance, children are able to learn numerous cultural traits from their parents through imitation (Philpott 206). This explains why those children who are brought up in abusive families often end up leading similar lives in their adulthood. Consequently, other modes of transmission of culture include use of language, poetry, literature and various forms of art. Culture is Continuous and Cumulative. This is owed to the fact that culture exists in a progressive state. Consequently, this phenomenon of culture changing with time contributes to its cumulative nature (Philpott 206). This is owed to the fact that human beings have the tendency to discover new inventions with the lapsing of time. Consequently, this results in the development of new cultural skills and knowledge; thus, creating a cumulative cultural process. For instance, during its

GLOBE project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GLOBE project - Research Paper Example Title: Globe Project - Cultural Dimensions Dimension Japan China Performance Orientation Scores highly on performance orientation. This reflects citizens with high drive for achievement who are likely to derive pleasure from continuous progress, like handling tasks with modest prospect of success since they signify a challenge, seek regular feedback, take individual responsibility for their deeds, look for information on ways of improving performance, and are usually innovative. This country also has a high score. This is related to significance of information, taking personal initiative, spotlight on the future, self-actualization, or self-reliance (autonomy) and planning, being results and task oriented, use of clear, direct and explicit language, and possessing a sense of urgency of accomplishing things. Chinese accord status to other people based on accomplishments and achievement, rather than acknowledgment based on a particular background or superiority of an individual. Uncert ainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is high, reflecting citizens who actively seek to lessen the probability of unpredictable upcoming events that might adversely influence the operation of a society or organization and remedy the achievement of such adverse consequences. This high rank is associated with the use of processes, such as consistent resolution rules to minimize the need to forecast uncertain occasions in the future. Culturally, this society is linked to phenomena as keeping meticulous records, a preference of job security, avoiding ambiguity, documentation, resistance to change, information and feedback seeking, and taking calculated risks. High uncertainty avoidance. This is a sign of a society that consistently seeks orderliness, formalized procedures, consistency, structure, and regulations to tackle important events as well as naturally happening uncertainties in their everyday lives. The society is characterized by aspects of technology, coordination, laws, rules , policies, and rituals used to deal with uncertainty. In-Group Collectivism Japan ranks high on in-group collectivism. It is a representation of great pride in membership to the society, a powerful sense of group identity, and sentimental recognition toward the society. Similarly, china is among the highest ranking cultures in terms of in-group collectivism. This society has strong emphasis on cohesiveness, collaboration and harmony. Power Distance Japan is ranked in higher position. This reflects the society has high degree of acceptance and endorsement to power differences, authority, power differences, and status privileges. The extent to which members of this society anticipate and accepted that power should be shared unevenly is high. Power holders in this society are awarded greater privileges, status, and material incentives than those who lack power. China also has a high rank. This is associated with higher chance of acceptance towards decision-making approaches of persons in charge, capacity to influence, prospect of having sovereign thought and expressing opinions, respect to authority, and use of artifacts as symbols of ranks and titles. Gender Egalitarianism Gender egalitarianism is ranked as low in Japan. The extent to which people value gender egalitarianism in this society is low. People in this society do not value gender Egalitarianism or believe that the gender of a member should determine their responsibility in homes, businesses,

After WW2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

After WW2 - Essay Example l than other western powers and so it was but natural that a mixed economy should emerge from the process of rapid development that the Second World War had necessitated. Following the Second World War, nearly every country in the world realized the value of development and began engaging in measures to recover damages and accelerate growth. However, countries in regions like Africa, Latin America and Asia were severely crippled as the war had depleted many of their already limited resources, and the geo-political scenario in these countries was significantly volatile at the time. As a result, it took countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia far more time to get on their feet than it did for countries in developed regions. For Africa, the Second World War was a message that freedom was a reality that could be acquired and that colonial rule could indeed be abolished to make way for self-government. However, since multiple countries had dominance over different colonies in Africa, it took some time for Africa to acquire complete freedom. Colonists who wanted to sustain control over their Colonies in Africa sought to highlight the positive impact of their rule by establishing schools, hospitals and other public structures in the regions. In contrast, others who believed that it was time to allow Africa to spread its wings promoted the Westminster model. Countries in the Latin American region were in a very bad state after the Second World War came to an end. There was far too much political instability in countries like Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil to move forward. Shaking off the rubble from the Second World War would take a few decades. In fact, look at history shows that Latin American economies were not able to truly recover from the impact of the Second World War until the US began to take an active interest (and inject assistance) in the Latin American economy around, during and after the Cold War. Japans presence in the Asian region made it difficult

Methamphetamine Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11250 words

Methamphetamine Abuse - Essay Example It is also a belief that chronic abuse of the drug would eventually lead to profound reduction in the gray matter of the brain. There are many associated health risks reported with methamphetamine abuse, some of which are risky sexual behavior, social and family problems, and drug induced psychosis (Murray, 1998). Quite as expected, methamphetamine is a popular drug of abuse with limited role as a licit therapeutic agent only in certain indications (Gibson, Leamon, & Flynn, 2002). Due to growing problem of methamphetamine abuse, there is increased demand of the drug, and in many parts of the United State, there are illegal indigenous methamphetamine synthesis laboratories to meet this demand, which hardly follow any safety protocol (Topolski, 2007). People working in these facilities are exposed to increased risk of occupational hazards. There are also reports of increased industrial accidents in these manufacturing units. It has been reported that methamphetamine abuse, manufacturing, control, and accidental or unintentional exposure, all have been associated with health hazards, which have grown into a significant public health problems with no easy solutions (Spoth, Clair, Shin, & Redmond, 2006). On the other hand, there is quite a volume of research in this area with abundant information. Therefore, it would be prudent to undertake a research in this area with the aim of finding solutions to these problems associated with methamphetamine. In order to be able to understand the problem better, it is felt that this problem should be studied in greater detail right from its roots. If involvement in illegal drug manufacturing leads to inordinate exposure with potential and real health risks (Lazarou, 2008), then the root is at the social and economic drivers of the illegal manufacturing of methamphetamine, almost to the extent of household small scale industry dedicated to production of street drugs. Drug abuse of any kind is associated with criminal activities of trading with tremendous fiscal implications (Cartier, Farabee, & Prendergast, 2006). Therefore identification and characterization of the problem need an analysis of the epidemiological details of methamphetamine abuse, since solutions for the epidemiological factors may lead to decreased abuse and demand. If the demand is less, there would be less production as expected, and this may curtail the occupational hazards associated with methamphetamine manufacturing units (Tunnell, 2006). Thus the objectives of this research are to study and critically review information on methamphetamine abuse history and epidemiology, processes and materials employed in the manufacturing of illegal methamphetamine, so an analysis of hazards and risks for the first responders and public associated with such illegal laboratories

American Colonies Political Science Research Paper

American Colonies Political Science - Research Paper Example The American Revolution started in the latter half of the 18th century and spanned a total of ten years from 1775-1785. It was a political revolution which resulted in the merging of the thirteen North American British colonies to form the United States of America. The upheaval and political unrest sparked by the series of high taxes imposed by the British, lack of colonial representation in the British government and the enforcement of illegitimate Laws, were some of the reasons why England never would have held onto the United States1. Overview of British Empire: The British Empire at its peak was the most influential and massive empire in world history, at one time it was designated as a global power. The extensiveness of the empire can be estimated from the fact that it was referred to as ‘the empire On which the sun never sets’. This was because the Empire spanned an extensive area around the globe which ensured that at any given time at least one of the colonies ha d the sun shining on it. The European age of discovery, characterized by global expeditions of Spain and Portugal, resulted in the formation of British Empire. Many historians believe that by 1921, the British were ruling a population of over 550 million people, which accounts for about quarter of the world’s population. ... ion to rule quarter of the world and they were merely looking for appropriate places to send their convicts to, searching for gold and trying to establish trade relations. However, during the process of attaining these objectives, British soon discovered that they rule approximately quarter of the Earth’s land area. By 1970, the extensive British Empire also consisted of thirteen American colonies extending from Georgia to New Hampshire.2 American Revolution: The British would never have been able to hold on to its colonies especially the American colonies even if it really wanted to because of many reasons such as the lack of elected representation in the British Parliament. The colonial rule research helped me identify the major problems Britain was facing while it was governing America. The era of American Revolution started in the year 1763, and coincided with the British victory at the French and Indian War. The British victory eliminated the threat which the American col onies had from the French military forces. Soon after the War ended, British Parliament expressed the desire to increase the amount of money that the colonies were paying for protection. Therefore, British imposed a series of high taxes and certain other Laws in an attempt to strengthen its authority on the colonies. Ironically, these attempts proved to be the precursors for political upheaval and unrest. On the other hand, American colonies lacked representation in the government which inevitably led to insecurity among the Americans. Many colonists believed that their right and interests as Englishmen were violated by the enforcement of a series of illegitimate Laws. By 1772, hatred against the governing British Parliament had prevailed to the extent that colonists began to form Committees of

Analyzing the Mirror of Sylvia Essay Example for Free

Analyzing the Mirror of Sylvia Essay Sylvia Plath is a name that is famously known in literature as one of the most distinguished female writers of America and the first to receive the prestigious Pulitzer Prize posthumously. Born in Massachusetts on October 27, 1932, she began to have an interest in writing at a very young age. In her whole lifetime, she was able to produce a lot of published works, including an impressive list of poems and stories. In her academic life, Plath has received a lot of prizes and awards including a scholarship to Smith College in 1950 and a Fulbright Scholarship to Cambridge University in 1955. Plath was gifted with an amazing talent in writing, constantly â€Å"was at the top of her class and should logically have been very happy† (Welz). But this was not her case. In fact, Plath was constantly plagued by sufferings and depression. The awards and literary achievements did not always compensate for her feeling of disappointment in herself that is especially emphasized with even just one failure like her suicidal attempt in August of 1953 after she was not accepted to a writing course in Harvard. And yet, people around her were not aware that such depression was forming inside of her because she always projected a happy, contented facade. In a lot of ways, Plath’s personality is always disturbed. She lacked confidence in herself and had a stressful way of viewing life. After he suicide attempt, she was hospitalized â€Å"at Maclean Hospital and was treated with insulin therapy and shock treatments† (Welz). But she continued pursuing her writing which served more than just her passion but as her solace and escape route. In 1956, she met and married her husband who is also a writer, Ted Hughes. Their marriage had been good in the beginning and they produced two children. But in September of 1962, a few months after Plath learned of her husband’s extramarital affairs, the two separated. This is one of the most significant and painful experience in her life. It was evident â€Å"Sylvia had other needs that clashed with her literary ambitions† (Welz). But she did not project this outwardly in her life. As much as she was a very talented and creative writer that was recognized well in the literary society, she also had a lot of personal needs that are often unfulfilled. At some point, Plath also served as an English teacher at Smith College, â€Å"an obvious favorite subject area† (Welz). But she also gave up because she felt dissatisfied and overwhelmed by her work. This led to an increase rate of withdrawal and loneliness, pushing her to write more but limiting her coping and social interaction skills. Most of this feeling was reflected in her poem Mirror that was first written and published in 1961. Mirror was one of the poems that signified a turning point in her style of writing, around the time when life was beginning to become the hardest chapters of her life. The poem is an honest but sad piece of work of that tackles issues of women in the society and in there own selves. It talks about one’s contemplation of all that is hidden and kept, the dream of being accepted, the need to reflect the truth, and the struggle to find one’s importance and purpose in life. â€Å"In Mirror, however, the glass is both subject and speaker at once† (Freedman). It is a poem wherein the object and the author itself are identified as one and they reflect the same qualities and experiences. Plath began the poem by describing the object as something silver and exact. Then, the poem branched out by using a description or characteristic that both the mirror and the author shared through the line â€Å"I have no preconceptions† (Plath line 1). The author’s personality is one that is not prejudiced compared to the others. Just like the mirror, she is truthful to others but remain dishonest to herself. The poem continues with a trait that both the author and the mirror, â€Å"Whatever you see, I swallow immediately† (Plath 2). The author’s personality is to let others dictate how she would feel. There was constant pressure in her part to always do well, having been a model daughter and student her whole life. â€Å"It is the nature and occupation of the mirror self-effacingly to reflect the other† (Freedman). Both the author and the mirror were only passive objects, because they consume whatever is presented to them and reflect it as it is without offering personal beliefs and opinions. It is important to note that the poem was written during the time that Plath had a miscarriage and her marriage with Hughes was facing complications. As a person, Plath was also maturing and becoming more afraid of her life that she feels was completely failing. The second stanza of the poem begins with the line â€Å"Now I am a lake† which reflects a transformation or an evolution that is happening both to the object and to the author (Plath 10). Despite these changes, the purpose they both served remained consistent and the same. The poem reflects that the woman is â€Å"searching my reaches for what she really is† (Plath 11). This indicates the groping for acceptance and importance that everyone is vying for. These are also part of the unfulfilled needs that Plath had her whole life. With everything she had achieved, she still remained discontented because she was not able to embrace her true self and rather rely on other people’s opinions on her. Plath’s experiences, sufferings, frustrations, and dreams in life are definitely reflected in the poem Mirror. As a writer, she was very talented and deserving of her achievements. But as a person, she had a lot of needs that she wasn’t able to voice out and enjoy in her life. It is probably expected that she will take her life again in 1963, and finally succeed. Her unusual, creative, but sometimes overanalyzed perspective in life resulted to a poem as powerful as the Mirror. And the poem’s lines were able to encapsulate the issue of every women seeking for individual identity, fulfillment, and happiness. Works Cited Freedman, William. â€Å"The Monster in Plath’s Mirror. † Papers on Language and Literature. Vol. 108 (5). Oct. , 1993: 152-169. Gale Database: Contemporary Literary Criticism. 1999. Web. 15 July 2010. Retrieved from http://www. sylviaplath. de/plath/freedman. html. Plath, Sylvia. Mirror. Retrieved from http://vmlinux. org/ilse/lit/plath. htm. Welz, Joan. â€Å"Biography of Sylvia Plath. † American Poems. 2009. Web. 15 July 2010. Retrieved from http://www. americanpoems. com/poets/sylviaplath.

Macroeconomics Article Commentary Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomics Article Commentary Essay The worst problems surrounding youth unemployment in Scotland are not over, a Scottish Government Minister told MSPs today. Despite statistics showing a rise in jobs on offer, Minister for Youth Employment Angela Constance said that such a claim would be foolish. She said that improvements in Scotland’s economy would resolve some problems of getting young people into work. But she added that, in the long-term, work is needed to help those facing â€Å"considerable barriers†. Constance’s remarks came as she appeared before Holyrood’s Education Committee to answer questions on the Scottish Government’s Youth Employment Strategy, and ahead of the publication of the latest job figures tomorrow. Figures show that 102,000 young people are currently unemployed in Scotland. That represents around one in four of those aged 16-24 who are economically active. â€Å"Given the recent economic indicators that suggest things are slightly improving in terms of vacancies, do you think we’re over the most challenging year, and have met the greatest challenge?† Ms Constance said she would not be â€Å"foolish enough to look into her crystal ball† and make such predictions. â€Å"We’ll deal with what comes our way,† she said. Pressed by Labour MSP Neil Bibby on whether she believed there is a youth unemployment crisis in Scotland, Ms Constance said: â€Å"What I believe is that we need to be in this for the long haul.† She told MSPs there were around 20,000 young people from disadvantaged backgrounds who face â€Å"considerable barriers to getting into work†. â€Å"When we think of youth unemployment, some of that will be resolved when the economy picks up and gets better,† she added. â€Å"But youth unemployment is always two and a half to three times higher than all-age unemployment. â€Å"There is always an issue there that we need to tackle and it is long-term action we need.† IA Commentary #2: Youth unemployment requires long-term action Just like a majority of all countries, Scotland is facing struggle in their economic recovery after the recession. The problem being addressed in the chosen article speaks about the youth unemployment crisis that is occurring in the country. Demand in the consumer sector is not what the main problem is. Apparently, the youth (age 16 – 24) have reached unemployment (ability to work but don’t have a job) rates of 25% due to â€Å"disadvantaged backgrounds†. This can most likely be assumed that these people have had a lack of education and do not have the sufficient skills to apply for the desired jobs. This could be labeled as a ‘skill mismatch’ between workers’ skills and employers’ needs. Unemployment can have a significant negative impact on a country’s economy and society. As the unemployment level rises, the more people are eligible for benefit payments (money given to the unemployed to consume basic necessities) which take away from the government’s revenue and spending power. Secondly, and most importantly, unemployment can cause a waste of resources and reduce the nation’s output which will lower the economy’s GDP. With this loss of the nation’s output, the economy will be producing within its PPF (Production Possibility Frontier: ability to produce ALL available resources efficiently) and lowers/decreases economic growth. The following labor market diagram can depict what unemployment the market is facing. As seen in the diagram, the labor market is shown in a simple AD/AS model. At Qe, the labor market is at equilibrium as the demand for labor matches the supply. Though, in this case, the supply of labor has decreased causing the AS curve to shift leftwards. This shows that the market is not running at full efficiency as production is being hindered. The resource of workers are not being allocated at high efficiency because they are lacking the factor of production of education. These factors of production are inputs that are used in the production of goods/services. The suggested solution of the article is to seek ‘long-term’ action to regain the loss of supply/productivity in the skill deprived market. Government intervention seems to be the solution to correct those workers facing ‘considerable barriers’ or lack of education. The reallocation of the government fiscal policy to boost economic activity will have to see a greater percentage of revenue towards the education sector. The fiscal policy is the use of the government expenditure and taxation to manage the economy. In this case, a supply-side policy will need to be rearranged to improve the quality of resources which would education in this situation. A period of economic austerity will definitely be needed as the government will be forced to lower discretionary spending (expenditure that is adjusted annually) in other sectors to assure that the current and future youth have better education and provide the economy with better qualities of production. Using the same labor market diagram, you will see the result of increasing the quality of the factor of production (education) as the supply of ‘able’ workers rises back to equilibrium. The diagram shows the effect of re-allocated supply-side fiscal policy (policies to alter the level of supply to create a stable economy) towards increased spending for the education sector. The government can lower the number of un-educated workers/youths that lack adequate skills by subsidizing education and implementing better training for jobs. Currently, the aggregate supply for young Scottish workers lies on the ‘AS Labor’ curve as firms can’t hire the un-skilled workers. This leads the real GDP, or the output of the country to be lower as goods and services aren’t being produced at maximum efficiency due to the lack of workers. The long-run solution that is alluded in the text would definitely be to improve the education system because currently the economy is running on spare capacity (producing at less than maximum efficiency). The economy would have to bare with the supply crisis until the workers have acquired the adequate skills. If the re-evalution of the fiscal policy is used by the Scottish government, then they can potentially fix this skill-mismatch issue and avoid disastrous economic problems. Lastly, to ensure economic safety, the Scottish government should restrain from borrowing money and spend money on other projects to allow them to fix their problem. This could hinder the development in other sectors as the money available to them should be placed towards education.

HS2: Arguments For and Against the High-Speed Rail Lines

HS2: Arguments For and Against the High-Speed Rail Lines Georgiana Raluca Andrei Introduction With the rapid growth of the economy and rapid expansion of technology, there is the need for a development of infrastructure. HS2 is a proposed infrastructure project to build a high speed rail line from London to Manchester and Leeds, via Birmingham, to begin operation in 2026 and be completed in 2032. It was supported by the Labour Government after 2009 and has had the support of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government since May 2010 (Butcher in Parliament, 2015). HS2 will be constructed in two separate phases: Phase 1 from London Euston to Birmingham Curzon Street and Lichfield with intermediate stations in West London (at old Oak Common) and at Birmingham Airport; Phase 2 from the West Midlands, splitting into two legs: an eastern leg to Leeds New Lane with intermediate stations in the East Midlands and South Yorkshire; and a western leg to Manchester with intermediate stations at Crewe and Manchester Airport. In total, the scheme is estimated to cost  £42.6 billion for the infrastructure, with a further  £7.5 billion for rolling stock. The information presented by Louise Butcher on (Parliament, 2015) offers a clear report about HS2 Phase 1 of the scheme. Supporters claim that construction of HS2 is urgently needed in order to deliver wider economic and regional benefits and to meet future demands. Opponents maintain that these demands are over stated and the same outcome can be achieved with other, cheaper means. Arguments for and against HS2 are based on competing ideas not only about what the country needs in terms of new or improved rail infrastructure, but about how (if needed at all) it should be delivered and what the benefits and costs are of the ideas put forward. The two sides fundamentally disagree with the other’s interpretation of the ‘facts and figures’ about the scheme. The case for The government believes that creating a high-speed rail line between London and North of England will produce numerous advantages to society. →Travel time One of the most important benefits is the time saving. It is expected that once the project finished, it will make a difference in the time spent travelling. For example, Leeds to Birmingham is slashed from 1 hour 58 minutes to just 57 minutes. The East Midlands hub at Toton is 19 minutes from Birmingham. Manchester to Birmingham more than halves from 88 to 41 minutes (BBC News Magazine, 2015). Also, it will improve productivity through savings to journey time. →Crowds Creating a high-speed rail line would provide less crowded trains and make the journey more comfortable. This will protect the economy growth and the quality of life , and although cheaper measures might be easier ( such as upgrading existing lines), that would provide a short-term fix and it’s not suitable for long-term. →Punctuality The government argue that the HS2 trains will â€Å"stick more reliably to their timetables than the average train.† ( BBC News, 2013). This is an important issue because the pasengers value being on time . →Boosting UK economy Creating the HS2 will provide various ways to boost the economy, offering the prospect of a sustainable growth and allowing prosperity to expand beyond south east England, rebalancing UK economy. It will generate  22,000 construction jobs in the next five years  and once the entire line is running  create 100,000 jobs (BBC News Magazine, 2015). It will improve the access to employment, will make relocation of business easier and will create opportunities for increased business, tourism and leasure activities. The wider economic benefits of a UK HSR network to wider West Midlands cities, towns and shire counties is expected to be  £5.3 billion over 60 years, while the London to Birmingham route alone is expected to boost Birminghams economy by  £1.23 billion, and towns and cities in surrounding counties by  £2.5 billion (GO-HS2, 2015) . →Good for the environment HS2 will reduce dependency on air and car travel, this way reducing CO2 emissions. High speed trains are powered by electricity, so their environmental performance will improve over time as more electricity comes from renewable sources. By reducing the time travel between cities in the north of England and Scotland, it will encourage people to switch from air to rail. The construction of HS2 requires less land than building a new motorway. Also, it has the potential to stimulate further the ongoing regeneration of Birmingham city centre and boost growth around Birmingham Airport and NEC. The case against →The final bill wrong investment? The expected cost of HS2 from London to Manchester and Leeds was originally  £33bn, in 2009 prices, but earlier this year, at the time of the High Speed Rail (Preparation) Bill debate, the cost leapt to  £50bn, in 2011 prices. This excludes such things as localised infrastructure to connect with HS2, foot bridges and farm bridges to cross it. In addition, this does not include the Heathrow Link or any provision for changes to the scheme (Stop HS2, 2015). There are cheaper alternatives that would have the same effect as HS2 and will not cost as much, would be ready earlier and be better balanced in meeting needs across the whole country. →Demolition of homes and damage to rural England The most affected area will be the north of London’s Euston station. More than half of the homes affected are in or around Camden. Across the entire line more than 600 homes will be bulldozed and another 340 homes will becut off from their wider neighbourhood. Homeowners will get the market value of their property, plus 10% and moving costs Infrastructure supporting the line will be built on 250 acres of green belt land ( BBC News Magazine, 2015). HS2 threatens 350 unique habitats, 67 irreplaceable ancient woods, 30 river corridors, 24 Sites of Special Scientific Interest plus hundreds of other sensitive areas (Stop HS2, 2015). About 60 properties on the proposed phase 1 route are likely to experience levels of noise which will qualify for noise insulation under the Noise Insulation Regulations. The number of properties that may experience a noticeable increase in noise on the phase 1 route has been reduced since consultation by a third from 4,700 to around 3,100 ( BBC News Ma gazine, 2015). →Increased carbon emissions Opponents claim that few high-speed train passengers will transfer from air so the carbon emissions will not be reduced. Also, HS2 proposes to run trains at high speed which will need more energy than the existing Eurostar London-Paris trains – pushing up electricity and carbon consumption. It will use three times more energy than a normal inter-city train (HS2 Action Alliance, 2015). →Illusion of creating new jobs It’s been argued that HS2 will not actually create that many new jobs, most of them being associated with existing jobs within retail activity that have simply moved from other areas towards the new station. Over 70% of the jobs will be created in London, making London the central city. →HS2 will not benefit the ordinary traveller Building such an expensive train line would mean an increase in the train tickets. HS2 will only serve toincrease the price of train faresas train companies have to redistribute the costs associated with running on a line such as this (YouGov, 2015) Conclusion The Government is proposing to provide the capacity desperately needed across the UK through a new High Speed Rail Network. The new route will link London to Birmingham, then on to Manchester and Leeds forming what is known as the Y-Network. Eventually HSR trains will run to Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Construction of such an important project brings together people who support the cause and people who don’t. Both sides have important arguments to take into consideration when deciding which side to take. It remains a hotly contested public issue because particular individuals, groups and industries believe they benefit from HS2 while others consider that they lose out. Reference list Butcher , L. (2015) Railways: HS2 Phase 1 Commons Library Standard Note [online]. Available at http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/SN00316/railways-hs2-phase-1 ( accessed 1st of March 2015). BBC News Magazine (2013) HS2: 12 arguments for and against [online]. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24159571 ( accessed 1st of March 2015 ). BBC News (2013) Quantifying the benefits of HS2 [online]. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22551178 ( accessed 1st of March 2015). GO-HS2 (2015) GO HS2 High speed rail [online]. Available at http://www.go-hs2.com/BenefitsOfHS2/EconomicImprovements.aspx ( accessed 1st of March 2015). Stop HS2 (2015) Stop HS2 [online]. Available at http://stophs2.org/facts ( accessed 1st of March 2015). HS2 Action Alliance (2015) Environment carbon journeys [online]. Available at http://www.hs2actionalliance.org/case-against-hs2/environment/carbon-journeys/ ( accessed 1st of March 2015). YouGov (2015) For and against: High speed rail [ online]. Available at https://yougov.co.uk/news/2012/01/20/for-against-high-speed-rail/ ( accessed 1st of March 2015).

Essay --

A merger is the combining of two separate firms to merge into one firm. Usually when two firms merge, the smaller firm will merge into the larger firm. Only the acquiring company retains its identity. There are An acquisition refers to the purchase of a company’s assets or the controlling shares of a company by the acquiring company. Types of mergers: Horizontal merger: This is a merger between two firms in the same line of business. These firms are always competitors. Vertical merger: This is a merger that exists when an entity merges with one of its suppliers forming a buyer seller relationship. For example, a merger between a company that produces furniture with a company that produces wood. Conglomerate merger: This is a merger that exists between unrelated firms from different industries. Both firms carry out different activities and are not competitors. For example, a brewing firm merging with a clothing industry. Process of mergers and acquisitions. Process of mergers and acquisition is very important because the process can greatly affect the benefits that a company would gain through mergers and acquisitions. The process is divided into different phrases. Phase 1 This is the business valuation stage. In this stage, the acquiring party should assess the situation of the their firm and its future capabilities. Will the company be able to maintain its market share, the return on capital or there core competencies? If not, then a merger and acquisition would be necessary. In this stage, the business should be valued and analyze whether a merger will help improve the firm’s valuation or whether the firm should use internal growth instead. The business should access the roles, it expects the merger to perform, and ... ...e firms merged to increase their market share. Hp was stronger on the consumer side compared to Compaq while, Compaq was stronger on the computer (pc) business and the commercial side if the companies merged, each would concentrate on their strengths and this would increase their market share. Why they failed. Hp had begun to miss its long-term goals and its estimates in the growth of both the pc markets and the business were very optimistic. The management failed to achieve what the merger had to offer and this caused the price of the stock to fall. Hp found it hard to overcome the problems that were associated with the strategic integration because hp had only been concentrating on its operational integration. Recommendations Hp should critically analyze their strategic integration and come up with solutions to the integration problems faced. Essay -- A merger is the combining of two separate firms to merge into one firm. Usually when two firms merge, the smaller firm will merge into the larger firm. Only the acquiring company retains its identity. There are An acquisition refers to the purchase of a company’s assets or the controlling shares of a company by the acquiring company. Types of mergers: Horizontal merger: This is a merger between two firms in the same line of business. These firms are always competitors. Vertical merger: This is a merger that exists when an entity merges with one of its suppliers forming a buyer seller relationship. For example, a merger between a company that produces furniture with a company that produces wood. Conglomerate merger: This is a merger that exists between unrelated firms from different industries. Both firms carry out different activities and are not competitors. For example, a brewing firm merging with a clothing industry. Process of mergers and acquisitions. Process of mergers and acquisition is very important because the process can greatly affect the benefits that a company would gain through mergers and acquisitions. The process is divided into different phrases. Phase 1 This is the business valuation stage. In this stage, the acquiring party should assess the situation of the their firm and its future capabilities. Will the company be able to maintain its market share, the return on capital or there core competencies? If not, then a merger and acquisition would be necessary. In this stage, the business should be valued and analyze whether a merger will help improve the firm’s valuation or whether the firm should use internal growth instead. The business should access the roles, it expects the merger to perform, and ... ...e firms merged to increase their market share. Hp was stronger on the consumer side compared to Compaq while, Compaq was stronger on the computer (pc) business and the commercial side if the companies merged, each would concentrate on their strengths and this would increase their market share. Why they failed. Hp had begun to miss its long-term goals and its estimates in the growth of both the pc markets and the business were very optimistic. The management failed to achieve what the merger had to offer and this caused the price of the stock to fall. Hp found it hard to overcome the problems that were associated with the strategic integration because hp had only been concentrating on its operational integration. Recommendations Hp should critically analyze their strategic integration and come up with solutions to the integration problems faced.

The History of the Flu Essay -- Influenza

The History of the Flu This research paper covers the basic history of influenza. It begins with its early history and the reasons for why influenza was never feared. It also covers three influenza pandemics: the Spanish flu of 1918, the Asian flu, the Hong Kong flu and the terror and heartbreak left behind in their wakes. In addition, the paper discusses avian influenza and addresses the current threat of a bird flu pandemic. Influenza, an innocent little virus that annually comes and goes, has always been a part of people’s lives. Knowing this, one would not believe that it has caused not one, not two, but three pandemics and is on its way to causing a fourth! The Spanish flu of 1918, the Asian flu of 1957, and the Hong Kong flu of 1968 each killed millions of people worldwide, causing mass terror. People were mad with fear, and for good reason, as friends, family, neighbors dropped dead like flies. And yet, as soon as the deaths ceased, the forgetfulness set in†¦ until very few know about these pandemics. These pieces of history may have faded from memory, but with the upcoming threat of an avian flu which can jump from human to human, people must learn from the past to combat the future. From the time of its first recorded incident in 412 BC (Adams 1) to 1918, influenza was never taken seriously. With symptoms similar to the common cold, most people disregarded influenza as a minor illness, nothing more. As Lynette Iezzoni quoted in her book, Influenza 1918, influenza was thought to be â€Å"quite a Godsend! Everybody ill, nobody dying† besides the very old and feeble (16). However, the influenza virus was out to prove them wrong in the influenza pandemic of 1918. The first influenza pandemic hit in 1918 at the end ... ....com/spanish_flu.htm> Iezzoni, Lynette. Influenza 1918. New York: TV Books, L.L.C., 1999. Kimball, Dr. John. â€Å"Influenza.† 8 Feb. 2007. Kimball’s Biology Pages. 23 July 2007 Magee, Mike. â€Å"The Threat of Bird Flu.† Health Politics. 25 July 2007 MayoClinic.com. â€Å"Bird Flu.† 27 Oct. 2005. CNN.com. 27 July 2007 â€Å"National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO): Pandemics and Pandemic Scares of the 20th Century.† 12 Feb. 2004. United States Department of Health and Human Services. 25 July 2007 Villa, Luningning. â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions about Bird Flu.† Department of Health, Manila. 24 July 2007 The History of the Flu Essay -- Influenza The History of the Flu This research paper covers the basic history of influenza. It begins with its early history and the reasons for why influenza was never feared. It also covers three influenza pandemics: the Spanish flu of 1918, the Asian flu, the Hong Kong flu and the terror and heartbreak left behind in their wakes. In addition, the paper discusses avian influenza and addresses the current threat of a bird flu pandemic. Influenza, an innocent little virus that annually comes and goes, has always been a part of people’s lives. Knowing this, one would not believe that it has caused not one, not two, but three pandemics and is on its way to causing a fourth! The Spanish flu of 1918, the Asian flu of 1957, and the Hong Kong flu of 1968 each killed millions of people worldwide, causing mass terror. People were mad with fear, and for good reason, as friends, family, neighbors dropped dead like flies. And yet, as soon as the deaths ceased, the forgetfulness set in†¦ until very few know about these pandemics. These pieces of history may have faded from memory, but with the upcoming threat of an avian flu which can jump from human to human, people must learn from the past to combat the future. From the time of its first recorded incident in 412 BC (Adams 1) to 1918, influenza was never taken seriously. With symptoms similar to the common cold, most people disregarded influenza as a minor illness, nothing more. As Lynette Iezzoni quoted in her book, Influenza 1918, influenza was thought to be â€Å"quite a Godsend! Everybody ill, nobody dying† besides the very old and feeble (16). However, the influenza virus was out to prove them wrong in the influenza pandemic of 1918. The first influenza pandemic hit in 1918 at the end ... ....com/spanish_flu.htm> Iezzoni, Lynette. Influenza 1918. New York: TV Books, L.L.C., 1999. Kimball, Dr. John. â€Å"Influenza.† 8 Feb. 2007. Kimball’s Biology Pages. 23 July 2007 Magee, Mike. â€Å"The Threat of Bird Flu.† Health Politics. 25 July 2007 MayoClinic.com. â€Å"Bird Flu.† 27 Oct. 2005. CNN.com. 27 July 2007 â€Å"National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO): Pandemics and Pandemic Scares of the 20th Century.† 12 Feb. 2004. United States Department of Health and Human Services. 25 July 2007 Villa, Luningning. â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions about Bird Flu.† Department of Health, Manila. 24 July 2007

Follow The Commandments - Or Else Essay -- essays research papers

There are public institutions that want the Ten Commandments displayed. If that is done the penalty for breaking a commandment should also be displayed. The New Testament teaches that the Old Testament should be obeyed. This includes both the Commandments and the results of not following the Commandments.Jesus said in John 10:35"Scripture cannot be broken."This statement was made after he had said in John 5:46-47"For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me; for he wrote of me. But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?"First Commandment, Exodus 20:3"Thou shalt have no other gods before me."The punishment - Deuteronomy 17:3-5"And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded; And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought i n Israel: Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die."More punishment - Exodus 22:20"He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed."New Testament punishment - Mark 16:16"He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned."Second Commandment, Exodus 20:4-5"Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God."Third Commandment, Exodus 20:7"Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain."The punishment - Leviticus 24:16&quo t;And he that blasphemeth the name of the LORD, he shall surely be put to death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him: as well the stranger, as he that is born in the land, when he blasphemeth the name of the Lord, shall be put to death."New Testament punishment - Matthew 12:32"And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh... ...wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them."*********And finallyDeuteronomy 13: 6-9"If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers; Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth; Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him: But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people."

Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1

Introduction to Marketing – Comparing Marketing Techniques in H&Meting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H & M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldn’t find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand.The concept of Hollister was originally designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lower than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and H&M. H &M Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys.Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primark’s mission statement: â€Å"To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. † Primark’s aims and objectives are: * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & M’s mission statement: The aims and objectives of H & M are: H&M aims: * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen H&M as an attractive employer. H&M have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are: * To make the H&M brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The H&M brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what H&M offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H&M are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which H&M’s regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors.The second objective of H&M i s to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in H&M buy the materials as cheaply as possible; H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on H&M’s low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&M’s brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low – cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse H&M which leases it’s will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give H&M an advantage when the property market picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low – price d venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and H&M market their products for example jeans.Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having â€Å"pop up† advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if you’re a member of the H&M you get emails to your email address informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the season’s current fashion in which can be found at the store.H&M do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and b ooklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark don’t do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clothing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products int o new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing – The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by H&M Market penetration are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the m arket who have bought the dress at H&M. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldn’t have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main obj ectives what are: * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they are letting there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: * New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing th is is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below: Bevan, John; Coupland-Smith, Helen; Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http://www. penetrating. net/ http://www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1 Introduction to Marketing – Comparing Marketing Techniques in H&Meting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H & M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldn’t find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand.The concept of Hollister was originally designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lower than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and H&M. H &M Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys.Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primark’s mission statement: â€Å"To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. † Primark’s aims and objectives are: * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & M’s mission statement: The aims and objectives of H & M are: H&M aims: * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen H&M as an attractive employer. H&M have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are: * To make the H&M brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The H&M brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what H&M offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H&M are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which H&M’s regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors.The second objective of H&M i s to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in H&M buy the materials as cheaply as possible; H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on H&M’s low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&M’s brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low – cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse H&M which leases it’s will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give H&M an advantage when the property market picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low – price d venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and H&M market their products for example jeans.Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having â€Å"pop up† advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if you’re a member of the H&M you get emails to your email address informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the season’s current fashion in which can be found at the store.H&M do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and b ooklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark don’t do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clothing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products int o new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing – The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by H&M Market penetration are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the m arket who have bought the dress at H&M. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldn’t have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main obj ectives what are: * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they are letting there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: * New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing th is is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below: Bevan, John; Coupland-Smith, Helen; Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http://www. penetrating. net/ http://www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf